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Award for achievements in journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States

Honor

Pulitzer Prize
Current: 2021 Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prizes (medal).png

Obverse and reverse sides of the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service aureate medal, designed past Daniel Chester French in 1917
Awarded for Excellence in newspaper journalism, literary achievements, musical composition
Country United states
Presented by Columbia University
First awarded 1917
Website pulitzer.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Pulitzer Prize ([1]) is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature and musical composition within the United States. Information technology was established in 1917 by provisions in the volition of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia Academy.[two] Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a U.s.a.$15,000 cash honor (raised from $x,000 in 2017).[3] The winner in the public service category is awarded a golden medal.[4] [5]

Entry and prize consideration [edit]

The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, but simply those that take specifically been entered. (There is a $75 entry fee, for each desired entry category.) Entries must fit in at least 1 of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain archway for being literary or musical. Works can also be entered only in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties.[vi]

Each year, 102 jurors are selected past the Pulitzer Prize Lath to serve on 20 split up juries for the 21 honor categories; one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. Nearly juries consist of five members, except for those for Public Service, Investigative Reporting, Explanatory Reporting, Feature Writing and Commentary categories, which have seven members; however, all book juries accept at least three members.[ii] For each award category, a jury makes three nominations. The board selects the winner past majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a unlike entry post-obit a 75 percent bulk vote. The lath can also vote to issue no laurels. The board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work; however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500.[2]

Difference betwixt entrants and nominated finalists [edit]

Anyone whose piece of work has been submitted is chosen an entrant. The jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists and authors who were simply submitted, merely non nominated equally finalists, still claim to be Pulitzer nominees in promotional material.

The Pulitzer board has cautioned entrants against claiming to be nominees. The Pulitzer Prize website'southward Frequently Asked Questions department describes their policy as follows: "Nominated Finalists are selected by the Nominating Juries for each category every bit finalists in the competition. The Pulitzer Prize Lath generally selects the Pulitzer Prize Winners from the three nominated finalists in each category. The names of nominated finalists take been appear simply since 1980. Work that has been submitted for Prize consideration but not chosen equally either a nominated finalist or a winner is termed an entry or submission. No information on entrants is provided. Since 1980, when we began to announce nominated finalists, we have used the term 'nominee' for entrants who became finalists. We discourage someone saying he or she was 'nominated' for a Pulitzer simply because an entry was sent to the states."[vii]

Bill Dedman of NBC News, the recipient of the 1989 investigative reporting prize, pointed out in 2012 that financial journalist Betty Liu was described equally "Pulitzer Prize–Nominated" in her Bloomberg Television advertising and the jacket of her book, while National Review writer Jonah Goldberg fabricated like claims of "Pulitzer nomination" to promote his books. Dedman wrote, "To call that submission a Pulitzer 'nomination' is similar proverb that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters That's My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars don't piece of work that way—the studios don't selection the nominees. Information technology's just a mode of slipping 'Academy Awards' into a bio. The Pulitzers also don't piece of work that manner, but fewer people know that."[8]

Nominally, the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is awarded simply to news organizations, not individuals. In rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the commendation in a manner coordinating to private winners.[ix] [10] Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs; infrequently, staff Prize citations also distinguish the work of prominent contributors.[11]

History [edit]

The Pulitzer Prize document of Mihajlo Pupin, which used a recycled Columbia diploma

Newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Pulitzer Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships.[12] He specified "4 awards in journalism, four in messages and drama, one in pedagogy, and four traveling scholarships."[ii] After his expiry on October 29, 1911, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4, 1917 (they are now appear in April). The Chicago Tribune under the control of Colonel Robert R. McCormick felt that the Pulitzer Prize was naught more than a 'mutual adoration social club' and not to be taken seriously; the paper refused to compete for the prize during McCormick'southward tenure up until 1961.[thirteen] [14] Until 1975, the prizes were overseen by the trustees of Columbia University.

Recipients [edit]

Categories [edit]

Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction. Reports and photographs past United States–based newspapers, magazines and news organizations (including news websites) that "[publish] regularly"[15] are eligible for the journalism prize. Beginning in 2007, "an assortment of online elements will exist permitted in all journalism categories except for the contest's two photography categories, which will go on to restrict entries to nevertheless images."[16] In December 2008, it was appear that for the first fourth dimension content published in online-only news sources would exist considered.[17]

Although sure winners with mag affiliations (most notably Moneta Sleet, Jr.) were immune to enter the competition due to eligible partnerships or concurrent publication of their work in newspapers, the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board and the Pulitzer Prize Lath historically resisted the admission of magazines into the competition, resulting in the formation of the National Mag Awards at the Columbia Journalism School in 1966.

In 2015, magazines were immune to enter for the first time in two categories (Investigative Reporting and Feature Writing). By 2016, this provision had expanded to three additional categories (International Reporting, Criticism and Editorial Cartooning).[18] That yr, Kathryn Schulz (Feature Writing) and Emily Nussbaum (Criticism) of The New Yorker became the start magazine affiliates to receive the prize nether the expanded eligibility criterion.[19]

In October 2016, magazine eligibility was extended to all journalism categories.[20] Hitherto confined to the local reporting of breaking news, the Breaking News Reporting category was expanded to encompass all domestic breaking news events in 2017.[21]

Definitions of Pulitzer Prize categories as presented in the Dec 2017 Programme of Award:[22]

  • Public Service – for a distinguished instance of meritorious public service by a newspaper, magazine or news site through the use of its journalistic resource, including the use of stories, editorials, cartoons, photographs, graphics, videos, databases, multimedia or interactive presentations or other visual material. Often thought of as the thou prize, and mentioned first in listings of the journalism prizes, the Public Service award is only given to the winning news organization. Alone amid the Pulitzer Prizes, information technology is awarded in the form of a gold medal.
  • Breaking News Reporting – for a distinguished instance of local, state or national reporting of breaking news that, equally quickly every bit possible, captures events accurately equally they occur, and, every bit time passes, illuminates, provides context and expands upon the initial coverage.
  • Investigative Reporting – for a distinguished case of investigative reporting, using any available journalistic tool.
  • Explanatory Reporting – for a distinguished instance of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and circuitous field of study, demonstrating mastery of the subject area, lucid writing and articulate presentation, using any bachelor journalistic tool.
  • Local Reporting – for a distinguished example of reporting on significant issues of local business, demonstrating originality and community expertise, using any available journalistic tool.[16]
  • National Reporting – for a distinguished instance of reporting on national diplomacy, using whatever available journalistic tool.
  • International Reporting – for a distinguished instance of reporting on international affairs, using any available journalistic tool.
  • Feature Writing – for distinguished characteristic writing giving prime consideration to quality of writing, originality and concision, using whatsoever available journalistic tool.
  • Commentary – for distinguished commentary, using whatsoever bachelor journalistic tool.
  • Criticism – for distinguished criticism, using any bachelor journalistic tool.
  • Editorial Writing – for distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence beingness clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and ability to influence public stance in what the writer conceives to be the right direction, using whatsoever available journalistic tool.
  • Editorial Cartooning – for a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of drawing and pictorial effect, published as a still drawing, animation or both.
  • Breaking News Photography, previously called Spot News Photography – for a distinguished instance of breaking news photography in blackness and white or colour, which may consist of a photo or photographs.
  • Feature Photography – for a distinguished case of feature photography in black and white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs.

There are six categories in letters and drama:

  • Fiction – for distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life.
  • Drama – for a distinguished play by an American playwright, preferably original in its source and dealing with American life.
  • History – for a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the U.s..
  • Biography or Autobiography – for a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author.
  • Poetry – for a distinguished volume of original poetry by an American poet.
  • General Nonfiction – for a distinguished and appropriately documented book of non-fiction by an American author that is not eligible for consideration in any other category.

In 2020, the Audio Reporting category was added. The first prize in this category was awarded to "The Out Oversupply", an episode of the public radio plan This American Life. In the second year, the Pulitzer was awarded for the NPR podcast No Compromise. [ commendation needed ]

There is one prize given for music:

  • Pulitzer Prize for Music – for distinguished musical composition past an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United states during the year.

There accept been dozens of Special Citations and Awards: more than ten each in Arts, Journalism, and Messages, and five for Pulitzer Prize service, most recently to Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. in 1987.

In add-on to the prizes, Pulitzer Travelling Fellowships are awarded to four outstanding students of the Graduate School of Journalism as selected by the faculty.

Changes to categories [edit]

Over the years, awards have been discontinued either considering the field of the award has been expanded to encompass other areas; the award has been renamed because the common terminology changed; or the honour has become obsolete, such as the prizes for telegraphic reporting.

An example of a writing field that has been expanded was the old Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (awarded 1918–1947), which has been changed to the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which besides includes short stories, novellas, novelettes, and poetry, as well as novels.

Lath [edit]

Pulitzer Hall on the Columbia campus

The 19-member Pulitzer Prize Board[23] convenes semi-annually, traditionally in the Joseph Pulitzer Earth Room at Columbia University's Pulitzer Hall. Information technology comprises major editors, columnists and media executives in addition to six members drawn from academia and the arts, including the president of Columbia University, the dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and the ambassador of the prizes, who serves as the Board's secretary. The administrator and the dean (who served on the Board from its inception until 1954 and beginning once more in 1976) participate in the deliberations as ex officio members but cannot vote. Bated from the president and dean (who serve every bit permanent members for the duration of their respective appointments) and the administrator (who is re-elected annually), the Board elects its own members for a three-yr term; members may serve a maximum of 3 terms. Members of the Board and the juries are selected with close attention "given to professional person excellence and affiliation, as well every bit diversity in terms of gender, ethnic background, geographical distribution and size of news organisation."

Former New York Times senior editor Dana Canedy, who contributed to the Times staff entry that received the 2001 National Reporting Prize, served as administrator from 2017 to 2020. Canedy was the starting time adult female and first person of colour to hold the position.[24] [25] Edward Kliment, the program's longtime deputy ambassador, was appointed interim administrator in July 2020 when Canedy became senior vice president and publisher of Simon & Schuster'southward flagship eponymous banner.[26] Former Associated Press and Los Angeles Times editor Marjorie Miller was named as Canedy's permanent successor in April 2022, with Kliment (who elected not to be considered for the position) remaining as deputy administrator.[27] Past administrators include John Hohenberg (the youngest person to hold the position to date; 1954–1976), swain Graduate Schoolhouse of Journalism professor Richard T. Baker (1976–1981), former Newsweek executive editor Robert Christopher (1981–1992), former New York Times managing editor Seymour Topping (1993–2002), former Milwaukee Journal editor Sig Gissler (2002–2014) and sometime Concur Monitor editor Mike Pride (the merely sometime Board member to agree the position to date; 2014–2017). Prior to the installation of Hohenberg, the programme was jointly administered by members of the Journalism School's faculty (most notably longtime dean Carl Due west. Ackerman) and officials in Columbia's central assistants under the custodianship of Frank D. Fackenthal.

Post-obit the retirement of Joseph Pulitzer Jr. (a grandson of the endower who served as permanent chair of the board for 31 years) in 1986, the chair has typically rotated to the most senior member (or members, in the example of concurrent elections) on an annual basis.[28]

Since 1975, the Lath has fabricated all prize decisions; prior to this point, the Board'south recommendations were ratified by a majority vote of the trustees of Columbia University.[2] Although the administrator's office and staff are housed alongside the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia's Pulitzer Hall and several administrators have held concurrent full-fourth dimension or offshoot faculty appointments at the Journalism Schoolhouse, the Board and administration have been operationally divide from the Schoolhouse since 1950.[29] : 121

Controversies [edit]

  • 1921 Fiction Prize: Columbia trustees overrule jury recommendation and laurels the prize to Edith Wharton for The Age of Innocence instead of the recommendation of Sinclair Lewis for Main Street.[thirty]
  • Call for revocation of journalist Walter Duranty'southward 1932 Pulitzer Prize.
  • Phone call for revocation of journalist William L. Laurence's 1946 Pulitzer Prize.
  • 1941 Novel Prize: The advisory board elected to overrule the jury and recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls past Ernest Hemingway. Withal, Columbia University president Nicholas Murray Butler implored the committee to reconsider, citing the potential clan betwixt the academy and the novel's frank sexual content; instead, no honor was given.[29] : 118 Twelve years later, Hemingway was awarded the 1953 Fiction Prize for The Old Human and the Sea.
  • 1957 Biography Prize: The purported writer of Profiles in Backbone, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, was believed to have had near of the book for which he received the Pulitzer Prize in Biography ghostwritten for him.[31] Journalist Drew Pearson claimed on an episode of The Mike Wallace Interview which aired in Dec 1957[32] that "John F. Kennedy is the simply human in history that I know who won a Pulitzer Prize for a volume that was ghostwritten for him" and that his speechwriter Ted Sorensen was the book's actual author, though his merits later was retracted past show's network ABC after Kennedy's begetter threatened to sue.[31] Herbert Parmet besides adamant that the volume was in fact mostly ghostwritten, writing in his 1980 book Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy that although Kennedy did oversee the production and provided for the direction and message of the book, it was in fact Sorensen who provided most of the work that went into the end product.[33] Sorenson himself would afterwards admit in his 2008 autobiography, Advisor: A Life at the Edge of History, that he did in fact write "a first draft of about of the capacity" and "helped cull the words of many of its sentences".[34] [35] In addition to the ghostwriting controversy, it was also determined two of the eight U.Southward. Senators profiled in the book, Edmund G. Ross and Lucius Lamar, did non really friction match what the book glorified them as.[36] [37]
  • 1962 Biography Prize: Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst by W. A. Swanberg was recommended by the jury and advisory lath but overturned past the trustees of Columbia Academy (then charged with final ratification of the prizes) because its subject, Hearst, was non an "eminent example of the biographer'southward art every bit specified in the prize definition."[38]
  • 1974 Fiction Prize: Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon was recommended by the 3-member fiction jury but the advisory board overturned that decision and no honour was given by the trustees.[39]
  • Shortly afterward receiving a Special Commendation for Roots: The Saga of an American Family in the spring of 1977, Alex Haley was charged with plagiarism in carve up lawsuits by Harold Courlander and Margaret Walker Alexander. Courlander, an anthropologist and novelist, charged that Roots was copied largely from his novel The African (1967). Walker claimed that Haley had plagiarized from her Civil War-era novel Jubilee (1966). Legal proceedings in each case were concluded late in 1978. Courlander's adapt was settled out of courtroom for $650,000 (equivalent to $2.7 million in 2021) and an acknowledgment from Haley that certain passages inside Roots were copied from The African.[40] Walker'due south case was dismissed by the courtroom, which, in comparing the content of Roots with that of Jubilee, found that "no actionable similarities exist between the works."[41] [42]
  • Forfeiture of Janet Cooke'southward 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for story fabrication.
  • 1994 History Prize: Gerald Posner's Instance Airtight; Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, Lawrence Friedman's Crime and Penalisation in American History and Joel Williamson's William Faulkner and Southern History were nominated unanimously for the award; however, no award was given.[43] The decision not to give an award to one of the three books created a public controversy. One of the nineteen members of the Pulitzer Board, John Dotson, said that all of the three nominated books were "flawed in some fashion." But another Board member, Edward Seaton, editor of the Manhattan Mercury, disagreed, proverb it was "unfortunate" that no laurels had been given.[44]
  • 2010 Drama Prize: The Tony-winning musical Adjacent to Normal received the award[45] despite non having been amongst the jury-provided nominees.[46] [47]
  • 2020 Feature Photography Prize: The citation to Channi Anand, Mukhtar Khan and Dar Yasin of the Associated Press caused controversy.[48] [49] [50] It was taken by some as questioning "Republic of india'south legitimacy over Kashmir" as it had used the discussion "independence" in regard to revocation of Article 370.[51]
  • 2020 International Reporting Prize: Russian journalist Roman Badanin, editor-in-primary of independent Russian media outlet Proekt (Project), said that at to the lowest degree 2 New York Times articles in the entry repeated findings of Proekt's articles published a few months earlier.[52]

Criticism and studies [edit]

Some critics of the Pulitzer Prize have accused the organization of favoring those who support liberal causes or oppose conservative causes. Syndicated columnist L. Brent Bozell said that the Pulitzer Prize has a "liberal legacy", particularly in its prize for commentary.[53] He pointed to a 31-year period in which merely five conservatives won prizes for commentary. 2010 Pulitzer Prize winner for commentary Kathleen Parker wrote, "Information technology'southward simply because I'm a bourgeois basher that I'm at present recognized."[54] Alexander Theroux describes the Pulitzer Prize every bit "an eminently silly laurels, [that] has often been handed out every bit a result of pull and political log-rolling, and that to some of the biggest frauds and fools alike."[55]

A 2012 academic report past journalism professors Yong Volz of the Academy of Missouri and Francis Lee of the Chinese Academy of Hong Kong plant "that only 27% of Pulitzer winners since 1991 were females, while newsrooms are nearly 33% female."[56] The researchers concluded female winners were more than probable to have traditional academic experience, such as omnipresence at Ivy League schools, metropolitan upbringing, or employment with an elite publication such as The New York Times. The findings suggest a higher level of training and connectedness are required for a female bidder to exist awarded the prize, compared to male counterparts.[57]

See likewise [edit]

  • Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award for broadcast journalism
  • Democracy Writers Prize
  • List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times
  • The Booker Prize
  • Miguel de Cervantes Prize
  • National Book Honour
  • National Magazine Awards
  • Prix Goncourt

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "FAQ". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia Academy. Retrieved April 15, 2019. 24. How is 'Pulitzer' pronounced? The correct pronunciation is 'PULL it sir.'
    The pronunciation PEW-lit-sər, even if considered mistaken, is quite mutual, and included in the major British and American dictionaries.
  2. ^ a b c d e Topping, Seymour (2008). "History of The Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved September xiii, 2011. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  3. ^ "Pulitzer Board raises prize award to $fifteen,000". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia Academy. January iii, 2017. Retrieved Jan 13, 2017.
  4. ^ Topping, Seymour (2008). "Administration". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved January 31, 2013. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  5. ^ "The Medal". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved Jan 31, 2013.
  6. ^ "Entry Form for a Pulitzer Prize in Journalism" (PDF). The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University.
  7. ^ "Ofttimes Asked Questions". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  8. ^ Abad-Santos, Alexander (June 26, 2012). "Journalists, Please Stop Saying You Were 'Pulitzer Prize-Nominated'". What Matters At present. The Atlantic Wire – via news.yahoo.
  9. ^ "The 2000 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The Washington Post, notably for the piece of work of Katherine Boo". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  10. ^ "The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), for the work of Melanie Sill, Pat Stith and Joby Warrick". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  11. ^ "The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Local Reporting: Detroit Gratuitous Press Staff, and notably Jim Schaefer and M.L. Elrick". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  12. ^ Morris, James McGrath (2010). Pulitzer: A Life in Politics, Impress, and Ability. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 461. ISBN978-0-06-079870-3 . Retrieved September 12, 2011.
  13. ^ Reardon, Patrick T. (June 8, 1997). "A Parade of Pulitzers". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 27, 2013. for more than two decades [...] the Tribune refused to compete for the awards.
  14. ^ Epstein, Joseph (August 1997). "The Colonel and the Lady" (PDF). Commentary. p. 48. He viewed the Pulitzer Prize as a 'common admiration society,' and hence not to be taken seriously.
  15. ^ "2017 Journalism Submission Guidelines, Requirements and FAQs". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  16. ^ a b "Pulitzer Lath Widens Range of Online Journalism in Entries". The Pulitzer Prizes (Press release). Columbia Academy. November 27, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  17. ^ "Pulitzer Prizes Broadened to Include Online-Only Publications Primarily Devoted to Original News Reporting". The Pulitzer Prizes (Press release). Columbia University. Dec eight, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  18. ^ "Expanded eligibility for three journalism categories". The Pulitzer Prizes (Press release). Columbia University. October 26, 2015. Retrieved March iv, 2017.
  19. ^ "2016 Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia Academy. Retrieved March iv, 2017.
  20. ^ "Pulitzer Prizes open all journalism categories to magazines". The Pulitzer Prizes (Printing release). Columbia Academy. October 18, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  21. ^ "Pulitzer Lath Expands Eligibility in Breaking News Prize Category". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia Academy. December four, 2017. Retrieved Apr 17, 2018.
  22. ^ "2020 Plan of Award". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. August 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  23. ^ "Elizabeth Alexander elected to Pulitzer Prize Board". The Pulitzer Prizes (Press release). Columbia University. May 30, 2016. Retrieved March four, 2017.
  24. ^ "Journalist, Author Dana Canedy Is Elected Ambassador of the Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes (Printing release). Columbia University. July 12, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  25. ^ "The 2001 Pulitzer Prize Winner in National Reporting". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  26. ^ "Pulitzer Administrator Dana Canedy Steps Downwards To Accept Publisher Function at Simon & Schuster". The Pulitzer Prizes (Press release). New York: Columbia University. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  27. ^ "Journalist Marjorie Miller is Elected Administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes" (Press release). The Pulitzer Prizes. March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
  28. ^ Topping, Seymour. "Biography of Joseph Pulitzer". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved May xvi, 2017. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  29. ^ a b Boylan, James (2003). Pulitzer'due south School: Columbia University'south Schoolhouse of Journalism, 1903–2003. New York: Columbia Academy Press. ISBN978-0-231-50017-three. OCLC 704692556. Retrieved March four, 2017 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ Oehlschlaeger, Fritz H. (Nov 1979). "Hamlin Garland and the Pulitzer Prize controversy of 1921". American Literature. 51 (3): 409–414. doi:10.2307/2925396. JSTOR 2925396.
  31. ^ a b Walls, Jeannette (2000). Dish: The Inside Story on the Globe of Gossip. New York: Avon Books, Inc., an Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 29–35. ISBN0-380-97821-0.
  32. ^ "Drew Pearson". Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Schoolhouse of Data, University of Texas. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  33. ^ Adams, Cecil (Nov 7, 2003). "Did John F. Kennedy really write 'Profiles in Courage?'". The Direct Dope. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  34. ^ "Her Story, Their Words: Behind the Scenes of the Best-Sellers". June 11, 2014.
  35. ^ Farhi, Paul (June 9, 2014). "Who wrote that political memoir? No, who wrote information technology?". The Washington Post . Retrieved June xi, 2014.
  36. ^ Stewart, David O. Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy. Simon & Schuster, 2009, pp. 185–86, 188–89, 242, 269, 278–80, 282, 285, 292, 297–99, 309.
  37. ^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Terminal Battle of the Ceremonious War by Nicholas Lemann. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. New York. ISBN 978-0-374-53069-3. pp. 205–09.
  38. ^ Hohenberg, John. The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America's Greatest Prize. 1997. p. 109.
  39. ^ McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". The New York Times, May xi, 1984: C26.
  40. ^ Fein, Esther B. (March 3, 1993). "Volume Notes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  41. ^ "Approximate Rules "Roots" Original". Spokane Daily Chronicle. September 21, 1978. Archived from the original on Dec xv, 2020. Retrieved August xix, 2020 – via Associated Press.
  42. ^ "Adapt against Alex Haley is dismissed". The Montreal Gazette. September 22, 1978. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020 – via United Press International.
  43. ^ Consummate Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917–2000: Controlling Processes in all Honor Categories Based on Unpublished Sources, by Heinz D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer, The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Walter de Gruyer, 2003, p. 325
  44. ^ "Pulitzer Decision Angers Juror Ignoring Nominations, Panel Didn't Know History Prize," San Jose Mercury News, April 23, 1994, p. 2B
  45. ^ "Side by side to Normal". Music Theater International. September sixteen, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  46. ^ Charles McNulty (Apr xiii, 2010). "Critic's Notebook: On this year'southward drama honor, the Pulitzer lath blew it". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on Apr 15, 2010.
  47. ^ Simonson, Robert (April 16, 2010). "Playbill.com's Theatre Calendar week In Review, Apr 10-April 16: The Pulitzer Paradox". Playbill . Retrieved May xvi, 2017.
  48. ^ Hussain, Ashiq (May 6, 2020). "iii Indian photojournalists from Jammu and Kashmir win Pulitzer Prize". Hindustan Times . Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  49. ^ "Kashmiri Pulitzer Prize winners caught in political debate". Outlook. May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020 – via Indo-Asian News Service (IANS).
  50. ^ "Pulitzer Prize questions India's legitimacy over Kashmir". National Herald. May v, 2020. Retrieved May vi, 2020.
  51. ^ "Pulitzer Prize questions Indias legitimacy over Kashmir (Ld)" . Outlook. May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020 – via (IANS).
  52. ^ "Russian federation Slams NYT for 'Russophobia' Post-obit Pulitzer Prize Win". The Moscow Times. May five, 2020.
  53. ^ Brent Bozell (April 22, 2007). "Pulitzers' liberal legacy". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on Jan 31, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  54. ^ Keach Hagey (October 4, 2010). "Kathleen Parker: 'Smallish-town girl' hits cable". Politico. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  55. ^ Alexander Theroux (2017). Einstein's Beets. Fantagraphics Books. p. 328. ISBN978-1-60699-976-ix. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  56. ^ Yong Z. Volz; Francis LF Lee (August thirty, 2012). "Who wins the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting? Cumulative reward and social stratification in journalism". Journalism. 14 (v): 587–605. doi:10.1177/1464884912455905. S2CID 145197126.
  57. ^ "Female Pulitzer Prize winners crave higher qualifications, report finds". Phys.org. University of Missouri. October 18, 2012. Retrieved October xviii, 2012.

General sources [edit]

  • Auxier, George W. (March 1940). "Middle Western Newspapers and the Castilian–American War, 1895–1898" (PDF). Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Organization of American Historians. 26 (4): 523–534. doi:10.2307/1896320. JSTOR 1896320. S2CID 165632973. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2020.

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Pulitzer Prizes Collection at Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library
  • Writers of African Descent to Win Pulitzer Prizes

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize